C.1. Common features
The following features are standard in every shell. Note that the stop, suspend, jobs, bg and fg commands are only available on systems that support job control.
Table C-1. Common Shell Features
| Command |
Meaning |
| > |
Redirect output |
| » |
Append to file |
| < |
Redirect input |
| « |
“Here” document (redirect input) |
| | |
Pipe output |
| & |
Run process in background. |
| ; |
Separate commands on same line |
| * |
Match any character(s) in filename |
| ? |
Match single character in filename |
| [ ] |
Match any characters enclosed |
| ( ) |
Execute in subshell |
| ` ` |
Substitute output of enclosed command |
| “ ” |
Partial quote (allows variable and command expansion) |
| ' ' |
Full quote (no expansion) |
| \ |
Quote following character |
| $var |
Use value for variable |
| $$ |
Process id |
| $0 |
Command name |
| $n |
nth argument (n from 0 to 9) |
| $* |
All arguments as a simple word |
| # |
Begin comment |
| bg |
Background execution |
| break |
Break from loop statements |
| cd |
Change directories |
| continue |
Resume a program loop |
| echo |
Display output |
| eval |
Evaluate arguments |
| exec |
Execute a new shell |
| fg |
Foreground execution |
| jobs |
Show active jobs |
| kill |
Terminate running jobs |
| newgrp |
Change to a new group |
| shift |
Shift positional parameters |
| stop |
Suspend a background job |
| suspend |
Suspend a foreground job |
| time |
Time a command |
| umask |
Set or list file permissions |
| unset |
Erase variable or function definitions |
| wait |
Wait for a background job to finish |
Prev: Shell Features
Home
Next: Differing features
Copyright (c) by the authors.
This section of the wiki is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
See the LBook-licensing page for details.
Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
Welcome to LinuxBasics.org - The online community that helps people to get Linux installed and running.
During this tour, we will guide you through our website, which has many facets which wait to be explored
The biggest project we are running is our Linux course, based on the LBook.
The book is stored in wiki-format, which enables us to update and correct it as we go.
Discussion for the course is on our Forum
Our Forum is used for discussion of Linux and for questions and answers.
Search the mailing-list that was used prior to the Forum.
The questions and answers from the list are stored in the list's archives in order to help others with the same problems.
Every weekend, we meet to chat in IRC. These meetings are NOT mandatory, but are a nice chance to get to know each other better.
IRC is also a great tool to solve many problems, since it is very quick and easy to ask for more details if you need them.
The tutorials are one of the oldest sections on the LBo-website.
Here you find explanations on how to do specific tasks in Linux. Many of the tutorials were created after a certain problem
has been discussed (and usually solved :) on the mailing-list.
The tutorials are categorized in
In the links section, you find outbound links to other valuable resources.
One of our later additions to the site. We maintain a mirror of the Linux Documentation Project. This is our contribution to the "home of the HOWTOs"
Another later addition is the LBlog which focuses on how to do stuff on the Linux Desktop. It begins with the basics on installing Ubuntu.
Using the integrated site-search, you can search the tutorials, the LBook and all other wiki-pages
Simply type the search term into the box in the upper-right corner of our webpages
As a community, we depend on your feedback and collaboration. So, if you have something to share with others, please contact us. If you have a suggestion for a topic you would like to see covered here, please add it on the Wishlist.
There are many ways to contribute: You can answer questions on the Forum, you can write a complete tutorial or just a step-by-step documentation on how you completed a specific task using linux. Ask questions if the information on this site is not clear, tell us if we got something wrong, spell-check our writings, whatever.
We are looking forward to meeting you at LinuxBasics.org
Anita, Jisao, Sam and Stefan