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A.1. Useful Books

A.1.1. General Linux

A.1.2. Editors

A.1.3. Shells

A.1.4. X Window

A.1.5. Networking

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A.2. Useful sites

A.2.1. General information

A.2.2. Architecture Specific References

A.2.3. Distributions

A.2.4. Software

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Next: DOS versus Linux commands====== Appendix A. Where to go from here? ======

Table of Contents

This document gives an overview of useful books and sites.

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Appendix B. DOS versus Linux commands

In this appendix, we matched DOS commands with their Linux equivalent.

As an extra means of orientation for new users with a Windows background, the table below lists MS-DOS commands with their Linux counterparts. Keep in mind that Linux commands usually have a number of options. Read the Info or man pages on the command to find out more.

Table B-1. Overview of DOS/Linux commands

DOS commands Linux command
<command> /? man <command> or <command> “--help”
cd cd
chdir pwd
cls clear
copy cp
date date
del rm
dir ls
echo echo
edit vim (or other editor)
exit exit
fc diff
find grep
format mke2fs or mformat
mem free
mkdir mkdir
more more or even less
move mv
ren mv
time date

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C.1. Common features

The following features are standard in every shell. Note that the stop, suspend, jobs, bg and fg commands are only available on systems that support job control.

Table C-1. Common Shell Features

Command Meaning
> Redirect output
» Append to file
< Redirect input
« “Here” document (redirect input)
| Pipe output
& Run process in background.
; Separate commands on same line
* Match any character(s) in filename
? Match single character in filename
[ ] Match any characters enclosed
( ) Execute in subshell
` ` Substitute output of enclosed command
“ ” Partial quote (allows variable and command expansion)
' ' Full quote (no expansion)
\ Quote following character
$var Use value for variable
$$ Process id
$0 Command name
$n nth argument (n from 0 to 9)
$* All arguments as a simple word
# Begin comment
bg Background execution
break Break from loop statements
cd Change directories
continue Resume a program loop
echo Display output
eval Evaluate arguments
exec Execute a new shell
fg Foreground execution
jobs Show active jobs
kill Terminate running jobs
newgrp Change to a new group
shift Shift positional parameters
stop Suspend a background job
suspend Suspend a foreground job
time Time a command
umask Set or list file permissions
unset Erase variable or function definitions
wait Wait for a background job to finish

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C.2. Differing features

The table below shows major differences between the standard shell (sh), Bourne Again SHell (bash), Korn shell (ksh) and the C shell (csh).

Table C-2. Differing Shell Features

sh bash ksh csh Meaning/Action
$ $ $ % Default user prompt
>| >| >! Force redirection
> file 2>&1 &> file or > file 2>&1 > file 2>&1 >& file Redirect stdout and stderr to file
{ } { } Expand elements in list
`command` `command` or $(command) $(command) `command` Substitute output of enclosed command
$HOME $HOME $HOME $home Home directory
~ ~ ~ Home directory symbol
~+, ~-, dirs ~+, ~- =-, =N Access directory stack
var=value VAR=value var=value set var=value Variable assignment
export var export VAR=value export var=val setenv var val Set environment variable
${nnnn} ${nn} More than 9 arguments can be referenced
’'$@ $@ $@ All arguments as separate words
$# $# $# $#argv Number of arguments
$? $? $? $status Exit status of the most recently executed command
$! $! $! PID of most recently backgrounded process
$- $- $- Current options
. file source file or . file . file source file Read commands in file
alias x=’y’ alias x=y alias x y Name x stands for command y
case case case switch or case Choose alternatives
done done done end End a loop statement
esac esac esac endsw End case or switch
exit n exit n exit n exit (expr) Exit with a status
for/do for/do for/do foreach Loop through variables
set -f , set -o
nullglob|dotglob|nocaseglob|noglob 		noglob Ignore substitution characters for filename generation
hash hash alias -t hashstat Display hashed commands (tracked aliases)
hash cmds hash cmds alias -t cmds rehash Remember command locations
hash -r hash -r unhash Forget command locations
history history history List previous commands
ArrowUp+Enter or !! r !! Redo previous command
!str r str !str Redo last command that starts with str
!cmd:s/x/y/ r x=y cmd !cmd:s/x/y/ Replace x with y in most recent command starting with cmd, then execute.
if [ $i -eq 5 ] if [ $i -eq 5 ] if ((i==5)) if ($i==5) Sample condition test
fi fi fi endif End if statement
ulimit ulimit ulimit limit Set resource limits
pwd pwd pwd dirs Print working directory
read read read $< Read from terminal
trap 2 trap 2 trap 2’' onintr Ignore interrupts
unalias unalias unalias Remove aliases
until until until Begin until loop
while/do while/do while/do while Begin while loop

The Bourne Again SHell has many more features not listed here. This table is just to give you an idea of how this shell incorporates all useful ideas from other shells: there are no blanks in the column for bash. More information on features found only in Bash can be retrieved from the Bash info pages, in the “Bash Features” section.

More information:

You should at least read one manual, being the manual of your shell. The preferred choice would be info bash, bash being the GNU shell and easiest for beginners. Print it out and take it home, study it whenever you have 5 minutes.

See Appendix B if you are having difficulties to assimilate shell commands.

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Table of Contents

This document gives an overview of common shell features (the same in every shell flavour) and differing shell features (shell specific features).

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Appendix D. GNU Free Documentation License

Table of Contents

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D.1. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

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D.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

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Next: ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents====== D.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS ======

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.

A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.

A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.

The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.

The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

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D.3. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

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D.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

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D.5. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

GNU FDL Modification Conditions

  1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
  2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
  3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
  4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
  6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
  8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
  9. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
  12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
  13. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
  14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties–for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

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D.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in[[gfdl-4section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements”.

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D.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

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D.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

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D.9. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

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D.10. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

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D.12. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Sample Invariant Sections list

Sample Invariant Sections list

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

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Glossary

This section contains an alphabetical overview of commands discussed in this document.

A

a2ps

Format files for printing on a PostScript printer, see Section 8.1.2.

acroread

PDF viewer, see Section 8.1.2.2.

adduser

Create a new user or update default new user information.

alias

Create a shell alias for a command.

anacron

Execute commands periodically, does not assume continuously running machine.

apropos

Search the whatis database for strings, see Section 2.3.3.2.

apt-get

APT package handling utility, see Section 7.5.3.2.

aspell

Spell checker.

at, atq, atrm

Queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution, see Section 4.1.2.2 and Section 4.4.3.

aumix

Adjust audio mixer, see Section 11.2.2.3.

(g)awk

Pattern scanning and processing language.

B

bash

Bourne Again SHell, see Section 3.2.3.2 and Section 7.2.5.

batch

Queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution, see Section 4.1.2.2.

bg

Run a job in the background, see Section 4.1.2.1.

bitmap

Bitmap editor and converter utilities for the X window System.

bzip2

A block-sorting file compressor, see Section 9.1.1.3.

C

cat

Concatenate files and print to standard output, see Section 2.2 and Section 3.2.4.

cd

Change directory, see Section 2.2.

cdp/cdplay

An interactive text-mode program for controlling and playing audio CD Roms under Linux, see Section 11.2.1.

cdparanoia

An audio CD reading utility which includes extra data verification features, see Section 11.2.1.

cdrecord

Record a CD-R, see Section 9.2.2.

chattr

Change file attributes.

chgrp

Change group ownership, see Section 3.4.2.3.

chkconfig

Update or query run level information for system services, see Section 4.2.5.1.

chmod

Change file access permissions, see Section 3.4.1, Section 3.4.2.1 and Section 3.4.2.4.

chown

Change file owner and group, see Section 3.4.2.3.

compress

Compress files.

cp

Copy files and directories, see Section 3.3.2.

crontab

Maintain crontab files, see Section 4.4.4.

csh

Open a C shell, see Section 3.2.3.2.

cut

Remove sections from each line of file(s), see Section 7.2.5.2.

D

date

Print or set system date and time.

dd

Convert and copy a file (disk dump), see Section 9.2.1.2.

df

Report file system disk usage, see Section 3.1.2.3.

dhcpcd

DHCP client daemon, see Section 10.3.8.

diff

Find differences between two files.

dig

Send domain name query packets to name servers, see Section 10.2.6.1.

dmesg

Print or control the kernel ring buffer.

du

Estimate file space usage.

E

echo

Display a line of text, see Section 3.2.1.

ediff

Diff to English translator.

egrep

Extended grep.

eject

Unmount and eject removable media, see Section 7.5.5.2.

emacs

Start the Emacs editor, see Section 6.1.2.2.

exec

Invoke subprocess(es).

exit

Exit current shell, see Section 2.2.

export

Add function(s) to the shell environment, see Section 3.2.1, Section 7.2.1.2 and Section 7.2.4.2.

F

fax2ps

Convert a TIFF facsimile to PostScript, see Section 8.1.2.

fdformat

Format floppy disk, see Section 9.2.1.1.

fdisk

Partition table manipulator for Linux, see Section 3.1.2.2.

fetchmail

Fetch mail from a POP, IMAP, ETRN or ODMR-capable server, see Section 10.3.2.3.

fg

Bring a job in the foreground, see Section 4.1.2.1.

file

Determine file type, see Section 3.3.1.2.

find

Find files, see Section 3.3.3.3.

formail

Mail (re)formatter, see Section 10.3.2.3.

fortune

Print a random, hopefully interesting adage.

ftp

Transfer files (unsafe unless anonymous account is used!)services, see Section 10.5.2.

G

galeon

Graphical web browser.

gdm

Gnome Display Manager, see Section 4.2.4.

(min/a)getty

Control console devices.

gimp

Image manipulation program.

gpg

Encrypt, check and decrypt files, see Section 9.4.1.2.

grep

Print lines matching a pattern, see Section 3.3.3.4 and Section 5.3.1.

groff

Emulate nroff command with groff, see Section 8.1.2.

grub

The grub shell, see Section 4.2.3 and Section 7.5.4.

gv

A PostScript and PDF viewer, see Section 8.1.2.2.

gzip

Compress or expand files, see Section 9.1.1.3.

H

halt

Stop the system, see Section 4.2.6.

head

Output the first part of files, see Section 3.3.4.3.

help

Display help on a shell built-in command.

host

DNS lookup utility, see Section 10.2.6.

httpd

Apache hypertext transfer protocol server, see Section 10.3.3.1.

I

id

Print real and effective UIDs and GIDs, see Section 3.4.1.

ifconfig

Configure network interface or show configuration, see Section 10.2.3.

info

Read Info documents, see Section 2.3.3.1.

init

Process control initialization, see Section 4.1.5.1, Section 4.2.4 and Section 4.2.5.

iostat

Display I/O statistics, see Section 4.3.5.4.

ip

Display/change network interface status, see Section 10.2.3.

ipchains

IP firewall administration, see Section 10.5.4.2.

iptables

IP packet filter administration, see Section 10.5.4.2.

J

jar

Java archive tool, see Section 9.1.1.4.

jobs

List backgrounded tasks.

K

kdm

Desktop manager for KDE, see Section 4.2.4.

kill(all)

Terminate process(es), see Section 4.1.2.1.

ksh

Open a Korn shell, see Section 3.2.3.2.

L

ldapmodify

Modify an LDAP entry, see Section 10.3.9.3.

less

more with features, see Section 3.3.4.2.

lilo

Linux boot loader, see sect_04_02Section 4.2.

links

Text mode WWW browser, see Section 10.3.3.2.

ln

Make links between files, see Section 3.3.5.

loadkeys

Load keyboard translation tables, see Section 7.4.1.

locate

Find files, see Section 3.3.3.3 and Section 4.4.4.

logout

Close current shell, see Section 2.1.3.

lp

Send requests to the LP print service, see sect_08_01Section 8.1.

lpc

Line printer control program, see sect_08_01Section 8.1.

lpq

Print spool queue examination program, see sect_08_01Section 8.1.

lpr

Offline print, see sect_08_01Section 8.1.

lprm

Remove print requests, see sect_08_01Section 8.1.

ls

List directory content, see Section 2.2, Section 3.1.1.2 and Section 3.3.1.1.

lynx

Text mode WWW browser, see Section 10.3.3.2.

M

mail

Send and receive mail, see Section 10.3.2.3.

man

Read man pages, see Section 2.3.2.

mcopy

Copy MSDOS files to/from Unix.

mdir

Display an MSDOS directory.

memusage

Display memory usage, see Section 4.3.5.3.

memusagestat

Display memory usage statistics, see Section 4.3.5.3.

mesg

Control write access to your terminal, see Section 4.1.6.

mformat

Add an MSDOS file system to a low-level formatted floppy disk, see Section 9.2.1.1.

mkbootdisk

Creates a stand-alone boot floppy for the running system.

mkdir

Create directory, see Section 3.3.2.

mkisofs

Create a hybrid ISO9660 filesystem, see Section 9.2.2.

mplayer

Movie player/encoder for Linux, see .

more

Filter for displaying text one screen at the time, see Section 3.3.4.2.

mount

Mount a file system or display information about mounted file systems, see Section 7.5.5.1.

mozilla

Web browser, see Section 10.3.3.2.

mt

Control magnetic tape drive operation.

mtr

Network diagnostic tool.

mv

Rename files, Section 3.3.2.

N

named

Internet domain name server, see Section 10.3.7.

ncftp

Browser program for ftp services (insecure!), see Section 10.3.4.2.

netstat

Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multi-cast memberships, see Section 10.2.5 and Section 10.5.2.

nfsstat

Print statistics about networked file systems.

nice

Run a program with modified scheduling priority, see Section 4.3.5.1.

nmap

Network exploration tool and security scanner.

ntsysv

Simple interface for configuring run levels, see Section 4.2.5.1.

O

ogle

DVD player with support for DVD menus, see .

P

passwd

Change password, see Section 2.2 and Section 4.1.6.

pdf2ps

Ghostscript PDF to PostScript translator, see Section 8.1.2.

perl

Practical Extraction and Report Language.

pg

Page through text output, see Section 3.3.4.2.

ping

Send echo request to a host, see Section 10.2.6.

pr

Convert text files for printing.

printenv

Print all or part of environment, see Section 7.2.1.

procmail

Autonomous mail processor, see Section 10.3.2.3.

ps

Report process status, see Section 4.1.4 and Section 4.3.5.4.

pstree

Display a tree of processes, see Section 4.1.4.

pwd

Print present working directory, see Section 2.2.

Q

quota

Display disk usage and limits, see Section 3.2.3.3.

R

rcp

Remote copy (unsafe!)

rdesktop

Remote Desktop Protocol client, see Section 10.4.6.

reboot

Stop the system, see Section 4.2.6.

renice

Alter priority of a running process, see Section 4.3.5.1.

rlogin

Remote login (telnet, insecure!), see Section 10.4.2 and Section 10.4.3.2.

rm

Remove a file, see Section 3.3.2.

rmdir

Remove a directory, see Section 3.3.2.2.

roff

A survey of the roff typesetting system, see Section 8.1.2.

rpm

RPM Package Manager, see Section 7.5.2.1.

rsh

Remote shell (insecure!), see Section 10.4.2.

S

scp

Secure remote copy, see Section 10.4.4.4.

screen

Screen manager with VT100 emulation, see Section 4.1.2.1.

set

Display, set or change variable.

setterm

Set terminal attributes.

sftp

Secure (encrypted) ftp, see Section 10.3.4.2 and Section 10.4.4.4.

sh

Open a standard shell, see Section 3.2.3.2.

shutdown

Bring the system down, see Section 4.2.6.

sleep

Wait for a given period, see Section 4.4.1.

slocate

Security Enhanced version of the GNU Locate, see Section 3.3.3.3.

slrn

text mode Usenet client, see Section 10.3.6.

snort

Network intrusion detection tool.

sort

Sort lines of text files, see